ABSTRACT:
This study analyzed the development roadmap for the 6G network from the first-generation network in Vietnam and the trend of commercializing the 6G network by 2030 with the best and most optimal applications. This study presented some potential applications, analyzed the development direction of 6G projects in the future, and described the 6G network architecture. The study also highlighted the trend of developing applications based on the 6G network to meet the increasing needs of users, especially in the field of healthcare.
Keywords: 6G network, applications, architecture, roadmap.
1. Introduction
1G network is the world's first basic wireless mobile communication network. It is an analog communication system that was first introduced in the early 80s [7]. The 1G uses a transceiver through an external antenna, the terminal connected to the base station is analog, so it needs voice processing receivers built into the terminal. Therefore, the terminals operating in the 1G are very large and unsightly.
Typical for the generation of 1G mobile networks are large and cumbersome analog transceivers. However, when the 1G network became popular in the world, it was not known in Vietnam. At this time, most Vietnamese people use landline phones with a wired connections, only a small part are equipped with walkie-talkies with frequencies from 136-174MHz for wireless communication [4]. The first step of Vietnam's integration with the mobile network was marked by the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology used on mobile phones around early 2006, and also coincided with the appearance of the Internet. globally. As a revolutionary mobile communication generation and completely different from the first generation, the 2G network uses digital signals instead of analog signals of the 1G generation and is applied for the first time in Finland.
With the integration with the Internet, many people think that just listening to calls and texting SMS on phones via 2G is not enough. A few years later, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), another name is 2.5G, was born as the first telecommunications network to help users connect to the internet [7].
A very misunderstood concept with 2.5G networks, that is E network, or short for Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE), which even now we still often see appear on smartphones when entering. Areas with weak 3G waves, and unstable waves. Network E is enhanced GPRS, 2.75G (between 2.5G & 3G) [9]. This is the telecommunications protocol that underlies the development of 3G and 4G later, although the internet connection speed is slow, this protocol is still popular because it is the development foundation for 3G and 4G. The standard for 6G networks must have extremely fast access speed, extremely high security, and must ensure in terms of capacity to support new applications such as virtual reality, cloud computing, as well as forecasting about computer disaster [2]. In particular, priority must be given to developing from the current 5G system to minimize equipment costs in the architecture of 6G networks and changes the means we do and play [3]. Around 2030, our audience could be affected by data, support allows wireless connection instantly and an unlimited number. Therefore, 6G will take full advantage of current wireless technologies to meet the extremely high number of accesses at the same time. As a forward-thinking idea, request about speed, 6G is capable of using more the frequency spectrum is more optimized than previous generations to increase data throughput that could theoretically be 100 to 1000 times faster than 5G [1]. Strictly speaking, the 6G network architecture will use broadband and support the combination of different bands in of GHz frequency range and the THz frequency range, so it can accommodate many terminals at the same time and can watch is unlimited.
2. Development roadmap from 1G to 6G
Fig. 1: Development roadmap from 1G to 6G [5]
2.1. First Generation (1G)
At this stage (1980-1990): The 1G network supported extremely low data rates of only 1 KBps to 2.8 KBps and used circuit-switching. It uses a technology this time called Analog Phone Service. It uses the 40 MHz bandwidth range and the 800 to 900 MHz frequency band, which is used exclusively for voice audio, not supporting video transmission [5]. It used frequency division multiplexing. So it only provides low-quality calls, consuming a lot of power. It has some disadvantages, such as lack of picture connection, low data capacity, very bad security, and unreliable transmission.
2.2. Second Generation (2G)
2G technology was implemented in the 1990s, it has digital cellular technology, bandwidth is limited to 64 Kbps, TDMA/CDMA multiplexing, circuit switching and air interface engineering, and handover horizontal. 2G service is limited to Digital Voice Service and Short Message (SMS). Besides 2G, 2.5G technology is also implemented with the additional feature of data rate increased to 144 Kbps while using CDMA, GPRS, and EDGE technology [6].
2.3. Third Generation (3G)
The next generation is 3G in this system the data transmission rate is quite high and achieves 144kbps which can be higher for high-speed data [9]. In the 3G system at this stage, it will support voice and video calls on the Internet, and users can upload or download video files as well as high-quality image files, and 3G will support multimedia applications. such as real-time video, video conferencing as well as Internet access, and IoT support. Data is routed through a technology called packet switching.
2.4. Fourth Generation (4G)
4G technologies emerged in the 2010s, it has unified IP technology, data rate increased to 100 Mbps, MC-CDMA and OFDM, using horizontal and vertical distribution. Seamless connectivity, high QoS, interoperability with existing wireless standards, Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology [9].
2.5. Fifth Generation (5G)
5G system performance is better than previous generations of mobile communication networks. 5G is evolving rapidly and can respond to super-fast speeds. It has data rates over 1 Gbps, and data information services with Artificial Intelligence capabilities. 5G offers several significant advantages over 4G, especially in terms of High-Speed Data Networks, Multimedia, and Entertainment, Internet of Things (IoT), and security.
2.6. Sixth Generation (6G)
6G technology will be the future for mobile networks as well as other wireless transmission networks and will play an extremely important role in the development of future technologies. Traditional technologies have issues of reliability, security, privacy, communication failures, software and hardware complexity, high infrastructure costs, technical limitations, etc. 6G technology will integrate with 5G and satellite networks to meet global coverage, data rates higher than 10 Gbps, user expectations such as security, better services, seamless communication discontinuity in fig.2.
Fig.2: Comparison between generations of mobile networks [5]
3. Requirements for 6G applications
6G networks are equipped to meet important requirements for future services and applications. It is believed that 6G network is E-health, drones, factory of the future, and connected autonomous vehicles.
3.1. E-health
Today, healthcare applications are not only for patients, but they have become urgent applications to improve life in the new age of people. Healthcare applications include emergency services such as ambulance service, door-to-door physician service, telemedicine service, remote surgery by doctors at different hospitals, medical services, and medical services. Door-to-door hospital services, pharmacy services, etc. One of these services is the use of wearable devices, which are devices that have sensors attached and can transmit signals to the hospital center or to directly monitor doctors through high-speed radio networks, from which doctors will help patients immediately and most effectively. These data have been collected and analyzed in monitoring and testing centers many times before being put to use. The data transmitted by the wearable device is the patient's health status such as heart rate, health status, and blood pressure, body weight, blood oxygen, and can analyze the patient's mental state fall warning. These devices will help doctors a lot, as well as help patients, get the best care, and limit the patient's movement when they have to frequently go to the place for follow-up visits.
Furthermore, to provide telemedicine services 6G network is the first choice because only the 6G network can meet the real-time requirements, and patients will be well taken care of with medical examination costs. short. The 6G network will enable patient care at home. The 6G network will allow connecting multiple patients at the same time. The healthcare network architecture in 6G is shown in Fig.3. This figure shows the main structure of this network consisting of multiple smart sensors, smart access, and a smart cloud. In addition, Fig.2 shows the key evolving technologies for telehealth services.
Fig. 3: E-health [5]
The article shows that 6G is a promising communication technology for smart healthcare. several applications supported in 6G have been studied to accommodate. This is a system that will soon be applied to life, especially the technologies of virtual reality, and augmented reality and artificial intelligence. In addition, to improve the quality of some new services such as blood sampling services, home hospital services, online pharmacies, and other precise services, it is mandatory to rely on the 6G network platform.
Wearable flexible Ultra WideBand (UWB) antenna based on engineered metamaterial. This antenna is designed for the WBAN-IoT application. It works in the frequency band below 6G. This antenna is considered to effectively improve bandwidth, directionality, and gain. It is also designed to eliminate interference signals by reducing the size of the antenna. To meet such goals requires that the antenna used is as small as a grain of rice and integrates technologies such as SRR and CLS technology with six different arrays being offered for application. To evaluate of the system quality will be based on performance analysis and comparison between antennas with smaller sizes will perform better measurements and have better rejection and better orientation.
3.2. Drones
One of the issues of concern beyond 6G is the use of drones. To deploy unmanned aerial services, wireless transmission signals must be met with high reliability, real-time response, and cost savings, especially safety for users. Cellular networks are important for UAVs that act as user drones in this context. Cellular networks offer attractive connectivity alternatives to UAVs; However, ensuring the robust operation of the UAV encounters some difficulties. In order to make UAVs feasible for use, this paper presents an overview of the key design concerns and obstacles to the widespread commercial use of drones. The author describes the 6G mobile communication network to enable unmanned aerial vehicles and use complex features that require the use of smart networks and essential 6G supporting technologies, and machine learning techniques. In short, to use drone services to transport goods, make vehicles as well as build-remote projects and remote monitoring, it is imperative to use the foundation of the 6G network and integrate satellite and terrestrial radio transmissions.
To perform services on a low-altitude UAV solution, it will ensure safe operation and increase security, but the problem is that low-altitude traffic will become more complicated and require there is a remote control center. In an interconnected sky, reliable wireless communication is required to facilitate large-scale UAV deployment. This will require a complete wireless communication infrastructure, intelligent computing, and reliable control mechanisms. To meet the UAV procedures in different situations, the following methods are proposed: Combining a terrestrial radio network and a satellite radio network creates an enhanced radio network that can provide three-way wireless connectivity. Advanced AI is required for UAV image processing in situations such as rescue, collision avoidance, and inspection, and powerful control of communication systems between UAVs for formation flying, and cooperative operations. Communications between unmanned aerial vehicles at different altitudes will be managed through a combination of terrestrial and satellite radio. Mobile networks provide flying UAVs with the advantages of low-cost, reliable, and wide-area wireless communications.
In addition, the current mobile network infrastructure is primarily designed to serve UEs located on or near the ground. Terminals when operating at high altitudes require mobility to meet flight safety regulations, forcing the connection between flying devices to be infinite is always an important issue that deserve attention. Since then, it has attracted considerable interest in academia and industry in building cellular-connected UAV systems for flying UEs. Research on mobile-connected UAVs focuses on standardization, portability, deployment optimization, and performance evaluation.
Fig. 4: The network architecture of drones [5]
Jamming BSs can cause high LoS interference, reducing the quality of the communication connection, even if such a LoS state is beneficial to the serving BS. Due to the near-LoS channel condition between the BS and the UAV, the mobile connected UAVs connection down of the Personal device will be used for the image. Accordingly, uplink noise can be severe when there are many sending UAVs. By because this condition, the level of the information contact in not time is a test. Managing the maneuverability and handover of UAVs in the sky is also complicated therefore the relatively fast speeds of the UAVs and the BS antenna layout. In Fig. 9, the UAV network architecture and use cases in 6G are addressed.
UAV networks are connected using key radio-enabled technologies of 5G and 6G networks.
3.3. Factory of the future
With the advent of sensors, machines, and intelligent robots combined with artificial intelligence and people all integrated into a smart factory. In addition, human interaction will not be available for specific situations in some plants. Today, most factories must meet the requirements of fast, intelligent, automatic, and safe. This model of the factory is called the ‘‘factory of the future’’. These factories can enhance production processes by using advanced technologies as well as applying remote management methods. They can analyze the market and balance the market's supply and demand intelligently. They can anticipate the need for when maintenance is needed. Multinational equipment companies can still monitor their factories remotely through global equipment control centers.
Fig. 5: Factory of the future [10]
Elf-healing plants are a must these challenges require exceptional high-speed wireless network, great reliability, and low latency. However, Ultra-high reliability and ultra-low latency. However, this has forced solutions to meet new challenges, here 6G network will solve the above problems. 6G will support D2D communication directly between terminals close to each other, which will overcome the problems of capacity as well as transmission delay. 6G will provide algorithms for applying real-time analytics, based on large databases. Therefore, to handle this complex system, it is necessary to apply artificial intelligence, and to determine the exact location, it is necessary to use localization algorithms in the 6G network.
3.4. Connected autonomous vehicles
Automated Connected Vehicles (CAV) is an important vertical in 6G as it provides the increasing needs of users. Autonomous vehicles (AV) are vehicles that can operate without the participation of human control. Thus, in matters of concern, the management as well as supporting infrastructure to ensure road traffic safety can even connect autonomous vehicles with each other. The emergence of CAV has created considerable impetus to solve transportation problems. Autonomous vehicles can help improve road safety, improve reliability, and reduce fuel consumption and traffic congestion through a number of autonomous vehicle applications. The foundation of autonomous vehicles is still 6G network because only 6G network can meet in real time.
Fig. 6: Connected autonomous vehicles [10]
Building the infrastructure for the autonomous vehicle network, will cost a lot of initial construction, but when it is built, as shown in Fig.6. The autonomous vehicle network includes intelligent routes, and units. Remote road management, vehicles, and mobile network infrastructure are all connected via the Internet, which requires sensors for the surrounding environment as well as the environment as sensors to detect unusual situations on the road.
4. Conclusion
Although the latest technologies are now meeting all the requirements of mobile communication users, the applications that people make to meet future needs are endless. To meet customer expectations, scientists have proposed a new technology 6G and it will integrate with 5G networks and satellites. It will play an important role in the mobile communication system and meet world-class standards for global coverage. The role of 6G will have a significant impact on every sector where wireless transmission is a top priority. The article also introduces the development roadmap from 1G to 6G and also discusses the promising applications of 6G as well as their expected architecture and development technologies. It is believed that this study is useful information telecommunications which have a more general view of the technology that 6G network can support as well as applications in the field of IoT.
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LỘ TRÌNH PHÁT TRIỂN VÀ ỨNG DỤNG MẠNG KHÔNG DÂY 6G
• ThS. PHẠM MINH TRIẾT
Giảng viên Bộ môn Điện - Điện tử, Khoa Kỹ thuật và Công nghệ,
Trường Đại học Trà Vinh
TÓM TẮT:
Nghiên cứu này phân tích lộ trình phát triển mạng 6G từ mạng thế hệ đầu tiên tại Việt Nam và xu hướng thương mại hóa mạng 6G đến năm 2030 với các ứng dụng nổi bật, tối ưu nhất. Nghiên cứu này cũng nêu ra một số ứng dụng tiềm năng, phân tích hướng phát triển của các dự án 6G trong tương lai và mô tả kiến trúc mạng 6G. Đồng thời, nghiên cứu chỉ ra những xu hướng phát triển ứng dụng dựa trên nền tảng của mạng 6G nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu ngày càng cao của người dùng, đặc biệt là trong lĩnh vực chăm sóc sức khỏe.
Từ khóa: mạng 6G, ứng dụng, kiến trúc, lộ trình.
[Tạp chí Công Thương - Các kết quả nghiên cứu khoa học và ứng dụng công nghê, số 6 tháng 3 năm 2024]
